Gastrointestinal lymphoma in Western Algeria: pattern of distribution and histological subtypes (retrospective study)
Original Article

Gastrointestinal lymphoma in Western Algeria: pattern of distribution and histological subtypes (retrospective study)

Soumia Zeggai1, Noria Harir1, Abdenacer Tou2, Miloud Medjamia3, Khaira Guenaoui1

1Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Health and Proteomics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria;2Environment and Cancer Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Central University Hospital, Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria;3Department of Pathology, University Regional Military Hospital, Ain Beida Oran, Algeria

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: S Zeggai, N Harir; (II) Administrative support: None; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: S Zeggai, N Harir, A Tou, M Medjamia; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: S Zeggai, N Harir, A Tou, M Medjamia; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: S Zeggai, N Harir, M Medjamia; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

Correspondence to: Soumia Zeggai. Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Health and Proteomics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi-Bel-Abbes, Algeria. Email: soumiazeggai@yahoo.fr.

Background: Primary gastrointestinal (GI) lymphomas (GIL) are uncommon diseases that can involve the whole GI tract. Considerable variation exists in the literature with respect to incidence of the various histological subtypes and sites of involvement. This study was undertaken to establish the anatomic distribution, histological subtypes and sites of GI lymphomas of patients from Western Algeria.

Methods: The case records of 58 consecutive patients with GIL diagnosed at the Pathologies Departments of Algerian west region (the Military Hospital of Oran city and the Central University Hospital of Sidi Bel Abbes city) from January 2006 to December 2013 were retrospectively evaluated for epidemiology and histopathology report. All lymphomas were reclassified according to the WHO 2008 classification.

Results: A total of 58 patients (39 male, 19 female) with mean age of 61 years and a range of 20–89 years were included in this study. Stomach was the most common site involved (70.7%). The commonest histological subtype was mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) B cell lymphoma (46.6%), followed by diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) (43.1%).The frequency of Helicobacter pylori (HP) positivity differ between gastric and intestinal location P=0.003 and correlates with the histological type P=0.01.

Conclusions: This retrospective study of patients with GI lymphoma from Western Algeria illustrates the pattern of distribution of various common and rare histological subtypes. More studies are necessary to find a potential cause, risk factor or genetic mutation that can explain these specific characteristics of GIL.

Keywords: Gastrointestinal lymphomas (GIL); anatomic distribution; histological subtypes; Western Algeria

Submitted Jun 15, 2016. Accepted for publication Aug 22, 2016.

doi: 10.21037/jgo.2016.09.11

Introduction

Lymphomas are considered to be tumors of lymphatic tissue. It has been shown recently that during the last two decades, incidence of lymphomas has increased at a rate of 4% per year (1). Approximately one-third of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) arise in tissues different from the lymph node, they are usually termed extra-nodal lymphomas (EL) and may occur at any organ (2). However, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract represents the most common site of EL presentation (3). GI tract lymphomas constitute 4–18% of primary extra-nodal (PE)-NHL and less than 5% of all GI malignancies (4,5). Several comprehensive studies of GI malignant lymphoma have been performed (6). The proportion and location of different types of lymphoma are different by the ethnic background of the patients studied (7). Epidemiologic studies have shown great difference in the patterns of GI tract NHL in different geographic parts of the world (8). Also, it seems that the epidemiologic pattern in GI tract lymphoma is changing (9). In our study, a series of GIL patients diagnosed at the Pathologies Departments of Algerian West hospitals were retrospectively analyzed in order to establish the anatomic distribution, histological subtypes, of all GI lymphomas (GIL).

Methods

This is a descriptive retrospective study evaluating histological subtypes of GIL diagnosed in Central University Hospital of Sidi Bel Abbes and Military Hospital of Oran over a 8-year period [2006–2013]. The data was collected from the pathology department of the two hospitals. The epidemiologic characteristics analyzed in this study were age, gender, site of location, histologic type and Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection. Histologic classification was based on the WHO 2008 classification; Giemsa (GS) stain was applied to determine the presence of HP bacteria. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package Service Solution (SPSS) software version 20.0. Chi-squared tests was used where appropriate; a P value <0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Clinical and histological features

Fifty eight GIL patients were included in the current study. Median age of the patients was 61 years (range, 20–89 years). There were 39 (67.2%) male and 19 (32.8) female, male to female ratio: 2.05. The most common site of lymphoma was stomach (group gastric) which was involved in 41 (70.7%) cases (29.3% antrum, 8.6% body, 24.1% fundus and pylore 8.6%) followed by the intestine (intestinal group) in 17 cases (29.3%).

Macroscopically, GIL showed wide spread lesions with ulcers in 29 cases (50%), infiltrate and polyp in 13 (22.4%), and 4 (6.9%) cases respectively. The exact macroscopic feature was unknown in 12 (20.7%) cases.

The histological classification and the localization site are shown in Table 1; the study sample comprised 27 (46.6%) patients who were classified as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) B-cell lymphomas, 1 (1.7%) as mantle B-cell lymphomas, 1 (1.7%) as B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (LLCB), 25 (43.1%) as diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) and 4 (6.9%) as T-cell lymphomas.

Table 1
Table 1 Histological classification and sites of lymphoma
Full table

HP infection

In both HE and GS stains, the microorganism was detected in 28 of 58 patients (48.3%). The frequency of HP positivity differ between gastric group (43.1%) and intestinal group (5.2%), P=0.003. The HP positivity also correlates with the histological type P=0.01. However, HP positivity did not show a correlation with aspect of tumors, nor with patient’s age and sex (Table 2).

Table 2
Table 2 Histological classification and clinical feature
Full table

Relationship between clinico-pathological features and histological classification

Low grade B-cell lymphoma

MALT lymphoma

The 27 cases included 17 (63%) male and 10 female (37%), the age ranged from 20 to 83 years with a median of 56 years.

The macroscopic features: in more than half of the patients, we encountered an ulcerative aspect of the lesions (51.9%), an infiltrative and polypoid patterns in 29.6%, and 3.7% respectively, (unknown in 14.8%). The most common locations of tumor were the stomach and intestine in 20 (74.1%) and 7 (25.9%), respectively. Infection by HP was present in 19 cases (70.4%) (P=0.01) (Table 2).

Mantle-cell lymphoma

The single case of mantle-cell lymphoma occurred in a 61-year-old male. The tumor was located in the intestine and its macroscopic type was infiltrative tumor (Table 2).

LLCB

The single case of LLCB was observed in an 80-year-old male. The localization was fundic. This case was classified as ulcer lesion (Table 2).

High grade B-cell lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

The 25 patients had an age range from 35 to 89 years, with a median age of 70 years. There were 5 (20%) female and 20 (80%) male, male to female ratio: 4.

Macroscopic features: almost half of the studied patients presenting an ulcerative appearance of lesions (44%), 3 cases were polypoid lesions, 3 cases infiltrative lesions, [unknown in 8 cases (32%)]. Most of the cases had tumors located in stomach (80%). Infection by HP was detected in 9 cases (36%) (Table 2).

T-cell lymphoma

The median age of four patients with T-cell lymphoma was 55.5 years with age range between 43 to 59 years. All cases were female. Macroscopically, T-cell lymphoma showed wide spread lesion with ulcers in 3 (75%) cases, infiltrate in 1 case (25%). All cases were located in intestine (Table 2).

Relationship between clinico-pathological features and the site of lymphoma

Table 3 indicates the comparison of clinico-pathological features and site of lymphoma.

Table 3
Table 3 Comparison of clinico-pathological features and the sites of lymphoma
Full table

Male patients predominated in gastric group. The most frequent histological types were low grade B-cell lymphoma and high grade B-cell lymphoma in the gastric group, T-cell lymphoma in the intestinal group (P=0.008). The ulcers predominated in both gastric and intestinal groups (Table 3).

Discussion

GIL represent approximately 1–10% of all GI malignancies (5). It is an uncommon heterogeneous disease in terms of site of involvement, histological type, and treatments offered (5,10). The incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and primary GIL has been increasing both in men and women around the world (11).

Males were more affected than females in our study with a male to female ratio of 2.05 which is higher than what has been reported from Thailand (1.4) (12); China (1.2) (13); and Japan (1.2) (14) and lower than another report from Jordan (2.8) (15); but it is close to the ratio reported from India (1.9) (16) and contrast to the study by Damaj et al., which showed a female predominance (17). The median age of patients in our study was 61 years. It is similar to the published literature study by Al-Sayes (61.3 years) (18); Other studies revealed younger age of patients [e.g., mean age 21 and 34 years in two studies from India respectively (16) and of 35 years in Saudi Arabia (19)] reflecting the variable geographic characteristics of the disease. The most common macroscopic presentation was an ulcer, as observed in 29.3% of the patients and as reported in previous studies (20).

The site of involvement and the histological subtypes have been described as independent prognostic factors in many studies so it is important to determine the pattern of distribution and the various histological subtypes common in one particular region (10). Previous studies usually showed that stomach was the main involved site with a frequency ranging from 51.0% to 80.0% (14,21). However, other studies showed a lower fre­quency of gastric lymphoma with 37.8% and 44.6% (22). In our series of 58 patients, stomach was the main involved site, accounting for 70.7% cases.

Similar to the study in Japan, the MALT B-cell lymphoma was the commonest type followed by DLBCL (14), but different from others studies which report that the DLBCL was the commonest type followed by MALT B-cell lymphoma (12) and this may reflect another geographic variation (23). In fact as shown in Table 1, MALT B-cell lymphoma was the commonest histological subtype seen in stomach and intestine. Koch et al. reported that 40% of primary gastric lymphomas were of low grade MALT type (10). Similar to those findings, 34.5% of gastric lymphomas in our series were of low grade MALT type. The stomach was the most common site for MALT lymphoma (74.1%) as in the study of Wotherspoon et al. (85%) (24).

Environmental factors, especially HP infection, are considered to play a prominent role in the development of gastric lymphomas (25). A 2008 Canadian-North American study also showed HP infection in 20% of GI NHL, 44% in MALT lymphoma and 13% in DLBCL (26). In two Italian studies, HP has been reported to occur in 88% of low grade gastric MALT lymphoma identified by histological examination, while it occurred at lower frequency (52–63%) in high grade gastric lymphomas (27). Interestingly, both Italian studies revealed a statistically significant association between HP infection and low grade gastric lymphoma (P<0.0001) (27). Similarly, a serologic study performed at a New York center showed HP sero-prevalence up to 67% in gastric MALT, and increased seropositive rates were associated with increased age and country of birth outside the US or Canada (P=0.0001) (26). Interestingly, HP infection in our study was seen in 70.4% of the gastric MALT and 36% of the gastric DLBCL, and we also noted higher frequency of HP infection in the low grade gastric MALTs compared to high grade gastric DLBCL.

Primary GI T-cell lymphoma are rare (28). In this study we were able to document that T-cell lymphoma accounted for 6.9% of the GIL. Koch et al. (10) and Shet et al. (28) have shown that T-cell NHL formed 1.5% and 3.5% respectively of all the GIL.

Conclusions

This retrospective study of patients with GIL from Western Algeria illustrates the pattern of distribution of various common and rare histological subtypes. More studies are necessary to find a potential cause, risk factor or genetic mutation that can explain these specific characteristics of GIL.

Acknowledgements

None.

Footnote

Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: Considering Decree No. 387 (article 25) dated 31 July 2006 about ethical trials in Algeria, we obtained the required access authorizations to the concerned health facilities in order to accomplish our study protocol. Furthermore, the authors obtained informed written consent from all participants and their treating physicians after the study protocol had been explained to them.

References

  1. Huh J. Epidemiologic overview of malignant lymphoma. Korean J Hematol 2012;47:92-104. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. Jemal A, Tiwari RC, Murray T, et al. Cancer statistics, 2004. CA Cancer J Clin 2004;54:8-29. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  3. Zucca E, Roggero E, Bertoni F, et al. Primary extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Part 1: Gastrointestinal, cutaneous and genitourinary lymphomas. Ann Oncol 1997;8:727-37. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. Crump M, Gospodarowicz M, Shepherd FA. Lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Semin Oncol 1999;26:324-37. [PubMed]
  5. Bellesi G, Alterini R, Messori A, et al. Combined surgery and chemotherapy for the treatment of primary gastrointestinal intermediate- or high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Br J Cancer 1989;60:244-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. Dragosics B, Bauer P, Radaszkiewicz T. Primary gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. A retrospective clinicopathologic study of 150 cases. Cancer 1985;55:1060-73. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. Almasri NM, al-Abbadi M, Rewaily E, et al. Primary gastrointestinal lymphomas in Jordan are similar to those in Western countries. Mod Pathol 1997;10:137-41. [PubMed]
  8. Isikdogan A, Ayyildiz O, Buyukcelik A, et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in southeast Turkey: clinicopathologic features of 490 cases. Ann Hematol 2004;83:265-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. Lankarani KB, Masoompour SM, Masoompour MB, et al. Changing epidemiology of IPSID in Southern Iran. Gut 2005;54:311-2. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  10. Koch P, del Valle F, Berdel WE, et al. Primary gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: I. Anatomic and histologic distribution, clinical features, and survival data of 371 patients registered in the German Multicenter Study GIT NHL 01/92. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:3861-73. [PubMed]
  11. Wu XC, Andrews P, Chen VW, et al. Incidence of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas among whites, blacks, and Asians/Pacific Islanders in the United States: anatomic site and histology differences. Cancer Epidemiol 2009;33:337-46. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  12. Sukpanichnant S, Udomsakdi-Auewarakul C, Ruchutrakool T, et al. Gastrointestinal lymphoma in Thailand: a clinicopathologic analysis of 120 cases at Siriraj Hospital according to WHO classification. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2004;35:966-76. [PubMed]
  13. Liang R, Todd D, Chan TK, et al. Prognostic factors for primary gastrointestinal lymphoma. Hematol Oncol 1995;13:153-63. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  14. Nakamura S, Matsumoto T, Iida M, et al. Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma in Japan: a clinicopathologic analysis of 455 patients with special reference to its time trends. Cancer 2003;97:2462-73. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  15. Bani-Hani KE, Yaghan RJ, Matalka II. Primary gastric lymphoma in Jordan with special emphasis on descriptive epidemiology. Leuk Lymphoma 2005;46:1337-43. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  16. Singh DP, Sharma SC, Sandhu AP, et al. Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma--disease spectrum and management: a 15-year review from north India. Indian J Gastroenterol 1997;16:88-90. [PubMed]
  17. Damaj G, Verkarre V, Delmer A, et al. Primary follicular lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract: a study of 25 cases and a literature review. Ann Oncol 2003;14:623-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  18. Al-Sayes FM. Gastrointestinal Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a clinico-pathological study. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2006;12:118-22. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  19. Amer MH, el-Akkad S. Gastrointestinal lymphoma in adults: clinical features and management of 300 cases. Gastroenterology 1994;106:846-58. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  20. Rotaru I, Ciurea T, Foarfă C, et al. The diagnostic characteristics of a group of patients with primary gastric lymphoma: macroscopic, histopathological and immunohistochemical aspects. Rom J Morphol Embryol 2012;53:343-50. [PubMed]
  21. Landolsi A, Chabchoub I, Limem S, et al. Primary digestive tract lymphoma in central region of Tunisia: anatomoclinical study and therapeutic results about 153 cases. Bull Cancer 2010;97:435-43. [PubMed]
  22. Morton JE, Leyland MJ, Vaughan Hudson G, et al. Primary gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a review of 175 British National Lymphoma Investigation cases. Br J Cancer 1993;67:776-82. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  23. Feng L, Zhang G, Hu Z, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of 81 patients with primary gastrointestinal lymphoma. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2009;34:582-8. [PubMed]
  24. Wotherspoon AC, Doglioni C, Diss TC, et al. Regression of primary low-grade B-cell gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Lancet 1993;342:575-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  25. Cuttner J, Werther JL, McGlynn P, et al. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2001;40:591-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  26. Andrews CN, John Gill M, Urbanski SJ, et al. Changing epidemiology and risk factors for gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a North American population: population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:1762-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  27. Zullo A, Hassan C, Andriani A, et al. Primary low-grade and high-grade gastric MALT-lymphoma presentation. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010;44:340-4. [PubMed]
  28. Shet T, Karpate A, Bal M, et al. Primary intestinal T cell lymphomas in Indian patients--in search of enteropathic T cell lymphoma. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2010;53:455-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
Cite this article as: Zeggai S, Harir N, Tou A, Medjamia M, Guenaoui K. Gastrointestinal lymphoma in Western Algeria: pattern of distribution and histological subtypes (retrospective study). J Gastrointest Oncol 2016;7(6):1011-1016. doi: 10.21037/jgo.2016.09.11

Article Options

Download Citation

Share