Prognostic factors of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with yttrium-90 radioembolization: results from a large cohort over 13 years at a single center

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer (1,2). The incidence of HCC has historically been the highest in Asia and Africa and the lowest in Europe and the Americas (3,4), but the incidence in the United States rose about 3% per year from 2006 to 2015 and has more than tripled since 1980, although this increase seems to be leveling off (1). Prognosis of liver cancer is poor, with only 20% of patients in the United States surviving past 5 years (5). Curative treatments are not an option for the majority of patients (up to 70%) due to their stage at diagnosis (6). Patients diagnosed with distant disease, in particular, have a very low 5-year survival rate of 3% (5). Other factors besides stage have been shown to significantly affect the prognosis of patients with HCC, including tumor size, presence of portal vein thrombosis, Child-Pugh class, and albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score (7-9). Understanding the role of prognostic factors is useful to stratify patients to receive more appropriate treatments (10).

Underlying liver dysfunction almost always precedes HCC (11,12) and also affects its prognosis (13). This presents a major challenge in the care of patients with HCC because the impact of treatment on liver function must be taken into account. The stage of HCC at diagnosis affects the choice of initial treatment. Curative treatments (e.g., resection, transplantation, ablation for small lesions) are only effective at early stages (14) or after downstaging with other therapies (15). Approved systemic therapies for first-line treatment of HCC, such as sorafenib and lenvatinib (14,16,17), can only be used in patients with relatively preserved liver function (Child-Pugh A or B) (14). Immune checkpoint inhibitors nivolumab and pembrolizumab were recently approved for patients previously treated with sorafenib (18,19), and additional immunotherapies are being explored, but these are also primarily used in patients with good liver function (i.e., Child-Pugh A) (20,21), and after failure of first-line chemotherapy.

Locoregional therapies (ablation, arterially directed therapies, radiation) are the preferred, and often only, first-line treatments for unresectable HCC (14). Selective internal radiation therapy with yttrium-90 microspheres (Y90 SIRT)—made of glass or resin—is a locoregional therapy that delivers radioactive microspheres to the tumor via the hepatic artery, sparing much of the healthy liver tissue (22).

Previous large (>100 patients) prospective and retrospective studies of Y90 SIRT in patients with unresectable HCC have found an overall survival (OS) of 8.0 to 14.4 months after Y90 SIRT (23-27). Although factors related to the patient, disease, and/or treatment have the potential to affect outcomes after Y90 SIRT, more data are needed to determine which patients will benefit the most from this therapy (13). Not all of the abovementioned studies that treated more than 100 patients with resin-based SIRT evaluated prognostic factors (26), and 1 study did so as a post hoc analysis of a subgroup of patients (28). Prognostic factors have also been identified in smaller studies (34–77 patients) (29-33), with various limitations in addition to their small size such as evaluation of few factors (30), evaluation only comparing SIRT with another treatment (29), evaluation combining HCC with other malignancies (30), and lack of multivariate analysis (33). Relatively large studies (120–149 patients) using Y90 SIRT glass microspheres for HCC have also identified prognostic factors and created prognostic scores (34,35); however, extrapolation of these findings to patients treated with Y90 SIRT resin microspheres may be challenging. Overall, there is high variability between studies, with many basing their conclusions on a small group of patients.

We previously reported an OS of 13.1 months (95% CI, 10.3–18.4) in 111 patients with HCC treated with Y90 SIRT at our center from April 2004 through March 2013 (27), and found that bilobar disease, presence of PVT or ascites at baseline, and prior treatment with sorafenib were among the factors that predicted shorter OS. Here, we have extended this study to include additional follow-up on the original group of patients, as well as patients treated from April 2013 through March 2017. This more than doubled the number of participants studied initially and increased the precision with which we could estimate OS and detect factors associated with survival after Y90 SIRT. The description of the study is presented in accordance with the STROBE reporting checklist (available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jgo-20-435).

Methods

Patient selection

The study population for this retrospective cohort included all patients with unresectable HCC who were treated with Y90 SIRT at Methodist Dallas Medical Center from April 2004 through March 2017. Patients were followed-up for a median of 12.2 months (95% CI, 0.0–62.6). One patient was not followed-up post-SIRT treatment and was assigned follow-up of 1 day. HCC was considered unresectable if the tumors were multifocal or bilobar or if PVT, portal hypertension, or decompensated liver disease (Child-Pugh B or C) were present.

To be eligible for the Y90 SIRT procedure, patients needed to have Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 to 2; platelet count >6.0×10⁴/µL; creatinine level <2 mg/dL; bilirubin level <2 mg/dL; and international normalized ratio (INR) <1.2. Patients with a contraindication to hepatic artery catheterization such as vascular abnormalities, bleeding diathesis, allergy to contrast dye, concurrent malignancy, refractory ascites, or evidence of any uncorrectable flow to the gastrointestinal tract were not eligible to undergo Y90 SIRT. An estimation based on angiography or technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin scan that >30 Gy of radiation would be delivered to the lung (shunt fraction of 20% or greater) also precluded treatment with Y90 SIRT.

Patients treated with Y90 SIRT were excluded from this study if data were only available for <20% of the parameters, if the patient had undergone a prior Y90 SIRT procedure at a different facility, or if extrahepatic disease was present.

Y90 SIRT protocol

Transplant hepatologists led a multidisciplinary treatment team that also included oncologists, surgeons, hepatologists, and interventional and cross-sectional radiologists. The medical history of each patient was reviewed, and a physical examination and laboratory testing were performed.

To confirm that Y90 SIRT was appropriate, multiphasic computed tomography or hepatic magnetic resonance imaging was performed to determine portal vein patency, tumor and nontumor liver volume, and the presence or absence of extrahepatic tumors. The images also assisted in targeting the radioembolization and determining the appropriate activity to administer. Y90 resin microspheres (SIR-Spheres, Sirtex Medical Inc, Sydney, Australia) were administered in accordance with a standard protocol (36). Radiographic data were read by one of the authors (IS) together with a group of radiologists at the medical center where the procedures were carried out.

Data collection

Patient data were collected by retrospective chart review. Data from patients treated from April 2004 through March 2013 were analyzed and published previously (27). Data from patients followed or treated from March 2013 through March 2017 were abstracted separately and combined with the previous data set.

Baseline data were collected at the time of the first SIRT and included demographics, HCC etiology, disease state [tumor burden; model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score; Child-Pugh score; presence of PVT or ascites], and laboratory values for albumin, bilirubin, creatinine, and INR. ALBI score and grade (37) were calculated. The number of Y90 SIRT treatments, as well as the dates and administered dose of each treatment, were recorded.

Outcomes

The primary outcome was OS, defined as the time (months) from the first Y90 SIRT procedure until death or last follow-up; patients alive at last follow-up were censored at the last known date they were alive.

Secondary outcomes were as follows: (I) the tumor response based on imaging data collected at 3 months and 6 months after the first SIRT procedure, when available. Tumor response (complete response, partial response, stable disease, or progressive disease) was calculated in accordance with the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) (38) or modified RECIST (39); (II) relationship of administered dose to baseline MELD score and ALBI score; (III) relationship of prior treatment to tumor burden and MELD score at baseline; (IV) adverse events (AEs).

Descriptive information on AEs at 1 week and 3 months after the first Y90 SIRT was extracted from the charts and is reported as the number and percentage of patients who had the AE at either time point or at both. In addition, we examined the change in laboratory values from baseline to 1, 3, and 6 months after the first SIRT procedure and noted the number of laboratory values that were of Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0, grade 3 or above. Grades were not noted for other AEs because they were rarely included in the charts.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables were summarized as the mean ± SD. Categorical data were summarized as frequencies and percentages. OS is reported as the median and 95% CI. Between-group OS was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method using the log-rank test to determine significance, with P<0.05 set as the threshold for significance.

OS was further analyzed with Cox proportional hazards models. Prognostic variables were analyzed in a univariate model, and the results were summarized with the hazard ratio, the 95% CI, of the hazard ratio, and a P value. Variables with P<0.1 were then entered into a multivariable Cox model. Variable selection was achieved by backward elimination with a significance level of α =0.05. Transplantation was included in the multivariable model as a time-dependent variable. As a sensitivity analysis, a multiple imputation procedure was implemented involving 100 complete datasets of 226 participants to address the influence of missing data.

For the secondary outcomes, the relationship of dose to baseline MELD score and dose to ALBI score was analyzed with the Pearson correlation coefficient. Tumor burden at baseline by prior treatment received versus treatment not received was analyzed with a 2-sample t-test. MELD score by prior treatment received versus treatment not received was analyzed with a 2-sample t-test, and changes in laboratory variables from baseline were tested with a paired t-test.

SAS (SAS Institute Inc.) version 9.4 was the main statistical package used for statistical analysis and reporting.

Ethical statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Methodist Dallas Medical Center (No. 063.HEP.2017.D), and individual consent for this retrospective analysis was waived.

Results

Patients

Data from a total of 226 patients were included in the study (Figure 1). The mean age at first Y90 SIRT was 65.1 years (range, 40.3–85.2); about one-third (n=70) were aged ≥70 years (Table 1). About three-quarters of the patients (n=174, 77%) were male, and just more than half (n=133, 58.8%) were White. Patients were followed-up for 12.2 months (95% CI, 0.0–62.6).

Figure 1 Flowchart of patient inclusion in study. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; Y90 SIRT, yttrium-90 selective internal radiation therapy.

Table 1 Demographic, disease, and treatment characteristics
Full table

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was by far the most common etiology (n=138, 61.6% of those with available data), followed by alcohol use (n=45, 20.1%), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (n=27, 12.1%). Most patients had compensated or mildly decompensated liver disease, as indicated by laboratory values, MELD scores, ALBI scores, and Child-Pugh grades (Table 1).

Among the 179 patients with data on previous treatments for HCC, 131 (73.2%) had received at least 1 treatment (Table 1); for 48 patients (26.8%), Y90 SIRT was the first treatment. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) was the most common prior treatment (n=74, 41.3%).

Y90 SIRT

The majority of the patients (157/226, 69.5%) had a single Y90 SIRT procedure. Patients with bilobar disease had each lobe treated separately, which was counted as 2 procedures. Mean dose (± SD) administered for the first Y90 SIRT procedure was 1.18±0.49 mCi.

Primary outcome: OS

At the time of the analysis, 138 patients had died. Median OS for all patients was 16.6 months (95% CI, 13.1 to NR) (Table S1, Figure 2).

Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Survival of the total population (N=226) is shown.

Kaplan-Meier and log-rank analysis

A Kaplan-Meier/log-rank analysis identified variables in several categories that were significantly associated with survival (Table S1). The disease characteristics of bilobar disease and the presence of PVT or ascites at baseline were all associated with shorter survival [bilobar: 10.8 months (95% CI, 8.5–15.2) vs. 25.0 months (95% CI, 16.7–29.7), P<0.001; PVT: 11.0 months (95% CI, 8.0–13.9) vs. 19.3 months (95% CI, 15.6–26.1), P=0.004; ascites: 12.0 months (95% CI, 8.4–17.9) vs. 20.8 months (95% CI, 16.2–26.1), P=0.015]. Alcohol use was the only etiology significantly associated with OS [11.8 months (95% CI, 7.9–23.5) vs. 18.6 months (95% CI, 15.6–24.4), P=0.02].

Among prior treatments, TACE was associated with longer survival [25.3 months (95% CI, 13.9–29.8) vs. 13.5 months (95% CI, 10.3–20.8), P=0.047], whereas prior treatment with sorafenib was associated with shorter survival [10.3 months (95% CI, 5.3–12.5) vs. 23.8 months (95% CI, 16.2–27.8), P<0.001]. However, any prior treatment versus Y90 SIRT as a first-line treatment was not significantly associated with length of OS.

Patients who underwent liver transplant after the SIRT procedure (n=26) had substantially longer survival (69.0 months, 95% CI, 43.9–69.0) than patients who did not (13.9 months, 95% CI, 11.8–16.7) (P<0.001).

Cox proportional hazards models

Variables with P<0.1, the threshold for inclusion in the multivariable model, included measures of disease burden and liver function at baseline (bilobar disease, PVT, ascites, Child-Pugh score, laboratory markers of liver function), etiology of hepatitis B or alcohol use, prior treatment with sorafenib or TACE, administered dose, and subsequent transplant (Table 2).

Table 2 Univariate Cox proportional hazards model
Full table

In the multivariable model, bilobar disease, higher ALBI score at baseline, alcohol use etiology, prior treatment with sorafenib, and higher administered dose were all significantly associated with shorter OS, whereas subsequent liver transplant was significantly associated with longer survival (Figure 3). The sensitivity analysis by multiple imputation demonstrated the same direction of associations. Higher administered dose did not reach statistical significance in the sensitivity analysis (Table S2).

Figure 3 Factors significantly associated with OS in the multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. Hazard ratios (HRs), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and P values are shown for each of the indicated factors. For the categorical variables prior sorafenib, bilobar disease, alcohol use etiology, and liver transplant, the HR represents the likelihood of death in the presence relative to the absence of these conditions. For the continuous variables ALBI score and dose, the HR represents the increase in the likelihood of death for each unit increase in the variable.

Tumor response

Of the 226 patients, 122 (54.0%) and 105 (46.5%) had imaging results available at 3 and 6 months, respectively. Of those with available data, at 3 months, 25 (20.5%) had a complete response, 29 (23.8%) had a partial response, 40 (32.8%) had stable disease, and 28 (23.0%) had progressive disease. At 6 months, 28 (26.7%) had a complete response, 30 (28.6%) had a partial response, 27 (25.7%) had stable disease, and 20 (19.1%) had progressive disease.

Relationship of prior treatment to tumor burden and MELD score at baseline

The majority of patients had received treatment prior to Y90 SIRT (n=131, 73.2% of the 179 with available data). The tumor burden at baseline was smaller in those who had previously undergone resection [5.0 cm (n=19) vs. 6.7 cm (n=150), P=0.018] or TACE [5.7 cm (n=69) vs. 7.1 cm (n=100), P=0.031] than in those who had not. In contrast, prior treatment with sorafenib was associated with a larger tumor burden, although the difference was not significant [7.8 cm (n=40) vs. 6.1 cm (n=129); P=0.069]. No effect of prior ablation or radiation on tumor burden at baseline was observed.

Of the prior treatments, only resection was associated with a significant difference in MELD score at baseline [7.9 in those with prior resection (n=20) vs. 9.0 in those without (n=154), P=0.04].

Relationship of baseline MELD score and ALBI score to administered dose

Decreased synthetic liver function, as reflected by a higher baseline MELD score and ALBI score, correlated with lower administered dose (MELD: r=–0.17, P=0.014, n=215; ALBI: r=–0.14, P=0.035, n=222). Consistent with this, mean administered dose was higher in patients with ALBI grade 1 (1.33±0.65 mCi) than in those with ALBI grades 2 (1.10±0.37 mCi) or 3 (1.14±0.28 mCi).

AEs

Of the 186 patients with data available for 1 week or 3 months after the first SIRT procedure (or both time points), 75 (40.3%) had at least 1 AE (Table 3). The most common AEs were abdominal pain (n=28), ascites (n=21), nausea (n=12), and fatigue (n=12). Gastrointestinal bleeding (n=10), ulcers (n=6), and encephalopathy (n=5) were present at 3 months but not at 1 week. Severity or Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade was generally not noted in the charts and so is not included here.

Table 3 Number of patients with AEs 1 week and/or 3 months after the first SIRT procedure
Full table

Changes in laboratory values after Y90 SIRT were also recorded. Albumin decreased, and INR and total bilirubin increased significantly at 1, 3, and 6 months after the first Y90 SIRT treatment relative to baseline (P<0.001 for all comparisons) (Table 4). Creatinine showed small increases that were significant at months 3 and 6. The mean MELD score also increased significantly at 1, 3, and 6 months after Y90 SIRT, from 8.8±2.2 at baseline (n=218) to 13.6±7.0 at month 6 (n=120) (P<0.001 vs. baseline for all time points, paired t-test).

Table 4 Changes in laboratory values after Y-90 SIRT
Full table

Although the laboratory values generally worsened after treatment, few reached severe levels. Grade 4 bilirubin values were detected in 13 patients, and grade 3 in 44 patients. No grade 4 values were seen for other laboratory values, although grade 3 albumin (n=5), grade 3 creatinine (n=2), and grade 3 INR (n=6) were reported.

Discussion

In this retrospective case series of 226 patients, the median OS after Y90 SIRT was 16.6 months (95% CI, 13.1-NR), which compares favorably with that reported in recent randomized controlled trials of treatment of unresectable HCC. The SARAH study reported a median OS of 8.0 months (95% CI, 6.7–9.9) (23), and the SIRveNIB trial reported an OS of 8.8 months (95% CI, 7.5–10.8) (26). Note that, in both of these prospective trials, OS was calculated from the date of randomization rather than the date of the procedure, which adds 3 to 4 weeks to the reported OS.

We examined the effects of various factors on survival using log-rank and Cox proportional hazards analyses. In the multivariable Cox model, alcohol use etiology, bilobar disease, higher ALBI score, higher administered dose, and prior sorafenib treatment predicted shorter survival after Y90 SIRT. ALBI was developed recently as a measure of liver function and, consistent with our results, has previously been associated with length of survival (37,40). Notably, older age was not significantly associated with OS, suggesting that age is not a contraindication to treatment with Y90 SIRT. The associations with more-extensive disease (i.e., bilobar, higher dose), more liver dysfunction (higher ALBI score), and previous treatment with sorafenib (perhaps reflecting more widespread disease) are also consistent with our prior results from a subset of this population in which log-rank analyses associated bilobar disease, PVT, or ascites at baseline and prior sorafenib treatment with shorter survival (27). However, the much larger population in the current analysis (226 vs. 111) gives additional confidence to these results.

These results from our single-center, North American study are consistent with the results of previous multivariable analyses of Y90 SIRT in patients with unresectable HCC. In the multicenter European ENRY study, which included 325 patients, OS was 12.8 months (95% CI, 10.9–15.7), and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, tumor burden (number of nodules >5), INR >1.2, and extrahepatic disease were identified as significant predictors of shorter survival (24). Although these specific variables differed from the ones we identified, they also reflect disease severity and liver function as predictive factors, and age at treatment did not affect survival. Although the 2 study populations were similar, the ENRY study had a slightly higher proportion of patients with Child-Pugh A (82.5% vs. 73.3%) and no patients with Child-Pugh C [compared with 3 (2.0%) in the current study], lower proportions of participants who had undergone previous treatment (41.5% vs. 73.2%) or who had HCV (44.3% vs. 61.6%), and a higher proportion of patients with hepatitis B (13.0% vs. 7.6%). To our knowledge, the data in the present study represent the second largest set—after the ENRY study—of prognostic factors of Y90 SIRT in HCC (24). Notably, we evaluated prognostic factors not considered by Sangro et al., such as HCC etiology, type of prior treatment, number of SIRT treatments, and dose delivered (Table S1).

In a study of Y90 SIRT in 103 patients with HCC in Singapore, Khor et al. (25) reported a median OS of 14.4 months (95% CI, 11.0–22.2) and identified vascular invasion, HCV as an etiology, total bilirubin levels between 24 and 41 µmol/dL, and serum albumin level below 28 g/L as factors associated with shorter survival. Bilirubin and albumin as predictive factors mirror our finding of a significant association between the ALBI score and survival. However, we found that an etiology linked to alcohol use, rather than HCV, was associated with shorter OS. Although the risk of HCC remains elevated even after HCV is treated (41), newer treatments may preserve liver synthetic function and thereby reduce the risk of death from liver failure. In contrast, alcoholic cirrhosis is associated with a higher incidence of ongoing liver injury due to recidivism and cholestasis, and patients with alcohol use etiology are more prone to infection, all of which might lead to shorter OS (42,43).

Prior sorafenib treatment continued to be associated with shorter OS in this larger cohort. In fact, only 2 of the patients in the current analysis who were treated after March 2013 (the end date for inclusion in the previous publication) had received sorafenib before their first Y90 SIRT procedure. A small study (n=10) examining survival in patients who had Y90 SIRT after sorafenib treatment also found lower OS (7 months) than had been reported after Y90 SIRT alone (44). A systemic treatment such as sorafenib is likely to be used in patients with more advanced disease, such as a higher tumor burden or PVT, and thus might be associated with shorter survival. Indeed, prior sorafenib treatment was associated with a numerically, but not significantly, larger tumor burden at baseline in the current study.

In contrast to prior sorafenib treatment, prior treatment with TACE or resection was associated with a significantly lower tumor burden at baseline. Prior TACE was also associated with longer survival in the Kaplan-Meier and univariate analyses, although it was not retained in the multivariable model. Consistent with our results, Golfieri et al. found that prior TACE significantly prolonged survival after Y90 SIRT, from 9 months to 27 months (P=0.003) (45). However, outcomes after Y90 SIRT in the ENRY study were similar whether or not the patient had received prior liver-directed treatment (surgery, ablation, transarterial embolization, or TACE) before Y90 SIRT, regardless of the type of prior treatment that was given (24,46). We also found that any prior treatment was not significantly different from no prior treatment in our log-rank analysis (17.9 vs. 13.1 months, P=0.28; Table S1), and prior treatment did not appear to greatly affect liver function at baseline, as evaluated with the MELD score. Only prior resection correlated significantly with baseline MELD score; the score was low in patients both with and without prior resection, and the difference between the groups was not dramatic (7.9 vs. 9.0, P=0.04). Together, these findings argue against a selection bias for treating patients with better prognosis after previous treatments.

By reducing tumor burden and preserving liver function, Y90 SIRT can be used as a bridge or a downstaging strategy to curative treatments (47). Twenty-six patients in our study received a transplant after the Y90 SIRT procedure, dramatically extending median survival to 69.0 months. Y90 SIRT can also be used as a bridge to resection, in part because it causes hypertrophy of the untreated lobe, making resection of the treated (lesioned) lobe more feasible (48,49); however, we did not analyze subsequent resections in our patients.

Obesity and metabolic disorder can lead to NASH, which is a risk factor for HCC (11). Texas, where our center is located, has the highest rate of HCC among the 50 United States (50) and also has high rates of obesity and diabetes (51). However, NASH may be underreported in our cohort. In our experience, patients with a designated etiology of (for example) HCV may also have NASH present on biopsy without this being noted in the chart.

Many of the reported AEs were consistent with postembolization syndrome (fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, and weight loss) (52,53), but few grade 3 or 4 laboratory values were seen in the 6 months after treatment, indicating acceptable hepatotoxicity. Encephalopathy, a rare but serious complication of liver dysfunction, was seen in 5 patients (2.2%) 3 months after Y90 SIRT. Encephalopathy has also been reported after chemotherapy and TACE (54).

The formation of ulcers due to the shunting of microspheres to the gastrointestinal tract can be a serious complication of Y90 SIRT. Ulcers were reported in only 6 (2.7%) of our 226 patients, a rate similar to or lower than the rates reported in other studies, although it is possible that some cases were not captured in this retrospective study. In the ENRY study, 3.7% of the 325 patients experienced gastrointestinal ulceration, which was responsible for 1 death (24). A systematic review of 39 studies (which mostly used resin microspheres) estimated the combined, weighted rate of ulcers to be 2.9% to 4.8% (55). A more recent systematic review and expert guidance document reported rates of 1.9% to 3.2% in a clinical trial and large retrospective cohorts (56).

This study was limited by its retrospective nature, and some data, such as the severity of most AEs, were not available. However, the large study population was diverse in terms of both demographics and disease characteristics and reflects the long experience of the authors in a real-world setting.

Conclusions

In patients with unresectable HCC treated at a single center over 13 years, use of Y90 SIRT provided an OS of 16.6 months. Alcohol use etiology, previous treatment with sorafenib, bilobar disease, and a higher ALBI score (indicating lower liver function) all predicted shorter OS, and these factors should be considered when making treatment decisions. A higher administered dose, which was associated with better liver function, was also significantly associated with shorter survival. However, more than 11% of our patients were able to receive a liver transplant after the procedure, indicating that Y90 SIRT can reduce tumor burden and maintain liver function sufficiently to allow patients to qualify for curative treatment.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Mark Van Buskirk of Data Reduction LLC for providing statistical support and Naomi Ruff, PhD, of Eubio LLC for providing medical writing support. Both were funded by Sirtex Medical Inc. Preliminary data from this study were presented at EASL (2019), AASLD (2018), ASTRO (2018), and ILCA (2018).

Funding: This manuscript was supported by Sirtex Medical Inc. The study received no other financial support.

Footnote

Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the STROBE reporting checklist. Available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jgo-20-435

Data Sharing Statement: Available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jgo-20-435

Peer Review File: Available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jgo-20-435

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jgo-20-435). PSM has received research funding, consulting fees, or other funds from Intercept, Abbvie, Gilead, Merck, Salix, Eisai, BMS, Sirtex, Genfit, Allergan, Celgene, Pfizer, Hepquant, Mallinckrodt, Galmed, Viking, Cymabay, Blade, Roche, LAM, and Novartis. IS has received funds from and has served as a speaker for Sirtex. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Methodist Dallas Medical Center (No. 063.HEP.2017.D), and individual consent for this retrospective analysis was waived.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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